Lincomycin for dogs - description and instructions for use

Storage of lincomycin for veterinary use

Should be stored at room temperature (15-30 °C) in an airtight container. The injection form of lincomycin is stored at room temperature; Avoid freezing.

According to available veterinary data, lincomycin hydrochloride for injection is compatible, for at least 24 hours, with the following IV infusion solutions and drugs: 0.9% sodium chloride solution, Ringer's solution for injection, amikacin sulfate, cephalothin sodium, chloramphenicol sodium succinate (levomycetype), cimetidine hydrochloride, cytarabine, sodium heparin, penicillin G potassium/sodium salt (for 4 hours only), polymyxin B sulfate, tetracycline hydrochloride, B vitamins with vitamin C.

According to available data in veterinary medicine, lincomycin is incompatible with the following drugs

(or the data are contradictory, or there is a dependence on concentration and/or time): ampicillin sodium, carbenicillin disodium salt, methicillin sodium (meticillin sodium salt), phenytoin sodium (diphenin). Compatibility depends on pH, concentration, temperature and solvent used. For more detailed information, see specialized literature.

pharmachologic effect

Pharmacological action of lincosamide antibiotics lincomycin and clindamycin

have a similar mechanism and spectrum of action, however, lincomycin is usually less active against sensitive microorganisms. There is complete cross-resistance between these drugs, while partial cross-resistance is observed between lincosamides and erythromycin. Depending on the concentration of lincomycin preparations in the area of ​​localization of the infectious process and the sensitivity of the microflora to it, it can have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects. It is believed that lincosamides act by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits of drug-sensitive microorganisms, which leads to suppression of the formation of peptide bonds.

Most aerobic gram-positive cocci are sensitive to lincosamides, including staphylococci and streptococci (but not to Strep, faecalis). Other microorganisms, usually sensitive to the drug: Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Nocardia as tern ides, Erysepelothrix, Mycoplasma sp. Anaerobic bacteria that are usually susceptible to lincosamides are Clostridium peefringens, C. tetanl (but not C. difficile), Bacteroides (including many strains of B. fragilis), Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Actinomyces and Peptococcus.

Predisposition of certain breeds to otitis media

Some breeds are more prone to this disease. Most often - dogs with large drooping ears: cocker spaniel, basset hound, dachshund and others. Drooping ears obscure the auditory opening and interfere with “ventilation,” which creates a “paradise” for the reproduction and life of pathogenic microbes.

East European Shepherds also often suffer from this disease. The structure of the ear does not prevent the penetration of dust and microorganisms into it.

Dogs with expressive folds on the muzzle, active swimmers, and those who live in high humidity climates are also at risk.

Use of lincomycin in veterinary medicine

Various forms of lincomycin are approved for use in dogs, cats, pigs and in combination with other drugs for chickens. Because clindamycin is generally better absorbed and more active and possibly less toxic, it has generally replaced oral and parenteral lincomycin in the treatment of small animal species. However, lincomycin is a cheaper drug and is therefore still used by many veterinarians. For more information, see Pharmacological Action or Dosage.

Pharmacokinetics of lincomycin in animals

Pharmacokinetics in animals.

The pharmacokinetics of lincomycin has not been sufficiently studied. If no other information is available, the following information relating to the person may be used. The drug, according to the instructions for use, is quickly absorbed from the intestines; Only about 30-40% of the total dose is absorbed. Food reduces both the degree and rate of absorption of the drug. After oral administration, the concentration in the blood serum reaches its maximum value after 2-4 hours. With intramuscular administration, the maximum concentration of the antibiotic lincomycin is twice as high as its concentration after oral administration; observed approximately 30 minutes after injection.

Lincomycin is distributed into most animal tissues.

Therapeutic levels of the drug are found in bone, synovial, pleural, peritoneal fluids, bile, skin and cardiac muscle. If inflammation of the meninges is noted, the concentration of the drug in the central nervous system can reach 40% of its concentration in the blood serum. Depending on the concentration, lincomycin binds to plasma proteins by 57-72%. It penetrates the placenta, is excreted in animal milk and is found there in a concentration equal to its concentration in plasma.

Lincomycin is partially metabolized in the liver. The drug in unchanged form and its metabolites are excreted in urine, feces and bile. The half-life of lincomycin may be prolonged in animals with impaired renal or hepatic function. In small animals, the elimination half-life is reported to be 3–4 hours.

Lincomycin

Lincomycin

Instructions for the use of Lincomycin solution 10% for the treatment of diseases of bacterial etiology in animals (developer organization: Mosagrogen CJSC, Moscow)

I. General information Trade name of the drug: Lincomycin 10% solution (Lyncomycini 10% solutio). International nonproprietary name: lincomycin.

Dosage form: solution for injection. Lincomycin 10% solution in 1 ml contains lincomycin as an active ingredient - 100 mg, and as auxiliary components: Trilon B - 0.1 mg, nipagin - 1.0 mg, as well as water for injection up to 1 ml. In appearance, the drug is a transparent, colorless or slightly yellowish liquid.

Lincomycin 10% is produced packaged in 10, 20 and 100 ml in glass bottles of appropriate capacity, sealed with rubber stoppers reinforced with aluminum caps.

Store the medicinal product in the manufacturer's sealed packaging in a dry place, protected from direct sunlight, separately from food and feed, at a temperature of 5°C to 25°C. The shelf life of the medicinal product, subject to storage conditions, is 2 years from the date of manufacture. After opening the bottle, unused remains of the drug cannot be stored.

II. Pharmacological properties Lincomycin 10% solution belongs to the antibacterial drugs of the lincosamide group. Lincomycin exhibits the greatest activity against most gram-positive microorganisms, including staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, clostridia, corynobacteria, and mycoplasmas.

Active against microorganisms, especially staphylococci, resistant to other antibiotics. Resistance of microorganisms to lincomycin develops slowly. Lincomycin has no effect on gram-negative bacteria, fungi and viruses. The mechanism of action is associated with the suppression of protein synthesis in microbial cells.

The maximum concentration of the antibiotic in the blood is reached 20-40 minutes after the injection. The therapeutic concentration is maintained for 16-24 hours. Lincomycin is quickly and well absorbed from the injection site and penetrates all organs and tissues of the body, including bone tissue. Lincomycin does not undergo biotransformation in the body and is excreted mainly unchanged in urine and bile.

Lincomycin 10% solution in terms of the degree of impact on the body is classified as a moderately hazardous substance (hazard class 3 according to GOST 12.1.007-76).

III. Directions for use Lincomycin 10% is used in pigs, calves, dogs and cats for the treatment of respiratory diseases, actinomycosis, osteomyelitis and other diseases caused by antibiotic-sensitive microorganisms.

The drug is indicated for the treatment of enzootic pneumonia and dysentery in pigs, as well as in the treatment of bacterial arthritis in pigs caused by Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Mycoplasma spp..

A contraindication for the use of the drug is individual hypersensitivity of animals to lincomycin.

The solution is administered intramuscularly or intravenously (slowly) once a day in the following doses:

No overdose symptoms have been identified in animals. The specific effects of the drug upon its first use and upon its withdrawal have not been established. If the interval between two administrations of the drug accidentally increases, it should be administered as soon as possible in the prescribed dosage. When using Lincomycin 10% in accordance with these instructions, side effects and complications in animals, as a rule, are not observed.

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Lincomycin should not be used in animals with developed rumen digestion over the age of 6 months.

It is not recommended to use the drug simultaneously with thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol.

Slaughter of calves and pigs for meat is permitted no earlier than 3 days after the last use of the drug. The meat of animals forcedly killed before the expiration of the specified period can be used to feed fur-bearing animals.

IV. Personal preventive measures When working with Lincomycin 10%, you should follow the general rules of personal hygiene and safety precautions provided for when working with medications. After finishing work, wash your hands with warm water and soap. In case of accidental contact of the drug with the skin or mucous membranes of the eye, they must be rinsed with plenty of water.

People with hypersensitivity to the components of the drug should avoid direct contact with the solution. If allergic reactions occur or if the drug accidentally enters the human body, you should immediately contact a medical facility (bring with you the instructions for use of the drug or the label).

Empty drug bottles must not be used for household purposes; they must be disposed of with household waste.

Organization-; 117545, Moscow, 1st Dorozhny proezd, 1.

With the approval of this Instruction, the Instructions for the use of Lincomycin 10% become invalid. solution for treating animals with diseases of bacterial etiology, approved by Rosselkhoznadzor on December 6, 2005.

Contraindications to the use of lincomycin in pets

Contraindications, precautions, effects on reproduction Although there are known cases of parenteral administration of lincosamides to horses, cattle and sheep, they are considered contraindicated for use in rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, horses and ruminants, since there is a possibility of developing serious gastrointestinal disorders, including death.

Lincomycin is contraindicated in animals with hypersensitivity to it or a history of monilial infection.

Lincomycin penetrates the placenta of animals, its concentration in the umbilical cord blood is about 25% of its concentration in the mother's blood serum. The safety of antibiotic use during pregnancy has not been established, but no teratogenic effects have been noted.

Since lincomycin is excreted in animal milk, suckling newborn kittens and puppies whose mother receives the drug may develop diarrhea.

Root causes of otitis media

Otitis in a dog occurs for several reasons:

• Ear mites are a common cause of ear inflammation in dogs. Infection is possible from infected animals.
• A tumor becomes a provocateur of otitis media if it clogs the ear canal and interferes with the “ventilation” of the ear.
• Allergies to food, treats, medications and shampoo can lead to ear disease in your dog.
• A foreign object lodged in the ear. Often plant seeds, midges or blades of grass get into the ear, thereby causing otitis media in the dog.

The disease often develops due to insufficient care of the pet’s ears, but it also happens the other way around: excessive cleaning of the ears leads to the destruction of the protective layer, sebum and wax secretions.

The cause may also be weak immunity, bad teeth and hormonal imbalance.

Side effects

Side effects, warnings, side effects

, described in dogs and cats, are gastrointestinal disorders (gastroenteritis: vomiting, loose stools, rarely bloody diarrhea in dogs). According to the instructions for use, according to available data, after an IM injection, pain in the injection area may be noted. Rapid intravenous administration of the drug can lead to hypotension and cardiac and respiratory arrest.

In pigs, when the antibiotic lincomycin is administered, gastrointestinal disorders may also occur.

Antibiotics for cats: what types are there and when to give them?

Unfortunately, our pets are susceptible to viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases throughout their lives, for the treatment of which antibacterial drugs are most often used in veterinary practice.

Antibiotics for cats will help cure almost any infection and speed up the recovery process of your beloved cat.

In addition, this group of pharmacological drugs is an effective remedy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Ginger cat

What are antibiotics?

Antibacterial (bactericidal) drugs are a group of drugs widely used in medical and veterinary practice in the treatment of various ailments. This class of drugs is used to destroy pathogenic microflora - bacteria, viruses, as well as some types of helminths and pathogenic fungi.

In fact, antibiotics are nothing more than a natural product of the vital activity of microorganisms, namely fungi, actinomycetes, and some types of bacteria. In pharmacology, antibiotics are obtained biosynthetically (naturally), semisynthetically, or completely synthetically.

Depending on the specific pharmacological action, antibacterial agents are classified into:

1. Bacteriostatic. Inhibit and block the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.
2. Bactericidal. They completely kill, lyse bacteria, and remove them from the body. They effectively cope with local inflammation, which is why veterinarians prescribe them for the treatment of purulent wounds, trophic ulcers, and abscesses in cats.

Antibiotics are available in tablets, injections, and oil solutions for oral, parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular administration. There are general and local effects (ointments, drops, sprays, powders, suppositories).

Each group of antibiotics has its own characteristics, specific action and is effective only if the developed conditions are met. If animals are prescribed antibacterial therapy, it is very important to strictly adhere to the instructions of the attending veterinarian, not to exceed the dosage, observe the frequency of administration, and the duration of the treatment course.

Injecting medicine into a cat

Veterinary specialists prescribe injectable antibiotics for cats for chronic infectious viral and bacterial diseases, and mixed infections of a systemic nature.

Antibacterial suppositories - for vaginitis, urethritis, diseases of the genitourinary system, accompanied by acute inflammation.

To eliminate the symptoms of purulent conjunctivitis and treat infectious skin diseases, four-fingered patients can be prescribed eye ointments and ophthalmic drops that contain an antibiotic.

Antibacterial drugs, in addition to the detrimental effect on pathogenic flora and pathogens, affect the biochemical processes in the body of animals, which helps to improve the general physiological condition and activate protective immune forces.

Classification and types

Antibacterial drugs, depending on their chemical structure, are classified into:

• macrolides;
• β-lactams;
• cephalosporins;
• cephamycins;
• tetracyclines;
• chloramphenicol;
• polymyxins;
• glycopeptides;
• aminoglycosides;
• lincosamides;
• lincomycins;
• carbapenems;
• drugs of the penicillin group.

Veterinary antibiotics

Almost all veterinary antibiotics have a human counterpart. In some cases, veterinarians may prescribe antibiotics that are used to treat people.

But it must be taken into account that antibacterial drugs for four-fingered patients contain a lower concentration of active ingredients.

Therefore, the dosage when taking human analogues is calculated as when treating newborns and small children.

If antibacterial drugs are incorrectly selected, treatment of infections will be ineffective, since bacteria and protozoan microorganisms can take different forms and be insensitive to certain active components of drugs. Without special sensitivity tests, it is very difficult to determine which group of antibiotics will help the body overcome the disease.

The dosage and duration of antibiotic therapy depend on the age, general condition of the animals, the intensity of pathological manifestations, stage, and form of the viral and bacterial disease.

Important! Before using antibacterial agents, be sure to carefully read the leaflet and instructions for use, and strictly adhere to the indicated dosage and frequency of medication administration.

Indications

The choice of antibiotics when treating animals is based on microbiological screening, determining the type and class of the pathogen by conducting laboratory tests and special tests. Therefore, as already noted, you should not self-medicate your furry purrs.

Antibiotics for cats

Veterinarians can prescribe antibiotics with a narrow or complex effect to treat cats.

Effective against streptostaphylococci, rickettsia, leptospira, chlamydia, gram-positive/gram-negative strains of bacteria.

In veterinary practice, antibiotics for cats are used:

• for the treatment of viral, bacterial, and some fungal infections;
• eliminating symptoms of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases;
• suppression of the development of various pathogenic microflora in the body of animals;
• in the treatment of diseases caused by the penetration of specific microorganisms (staphylococcosis, enterococcal infection, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, chlamydia, giardiasis);
• after surgical operations, to suppress the development of secondary microflora;
• for the treatment of intestinal, purulent infections, dermatological, ophthalmological, diseases, viral otitis.

Veterinarians prescribe systemic and local antibacterial drugs of the penicillin series for the treatment of purulent wounds, cuts, trophic wounds, acute inflammation in various structural layers of the dermis, and burns in cats.

Tetracyclines are prescribed for purulent, catarrhal conjunctivitis, pleurisy, peritonitis, pneumonia, endometritis, and infections of the genitourinary tract. In combination with tetracyclines during antibiotic therapy, penicillin drugs can be prescribed.

Treatment of ophthalmological diseases with antibacterial ointment

Sulfonamides, cephalosporins, gentamicins help in the fight against viral diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, pyrometer, enteritis, feline distemper, feline viral leukemia, inflammation of the nasopharynx.

Important! When treating cats with aminoglycosides, it is very important to check the condition of the kidneys and liver. In case of organ dysfunction, the veterinarian should choose a more gentle analogue.

As you can see, the main indication for antibiotic therapy in cats is the treatment of inflammatory infections that are caused by various groups of pathogenic microorganisms.

Oral administration of antibiotics

Advantages of antibiotic therapy

When treating cats and other animals with antibiotics, several positive aspects are noted, among which are:

• pronounced antimicrobial and antibacterial activity;
• rapid neutralization of endoxins, which produce pathogens during their life processes;
• high efficiency at low doses;
• preservation of antimicrobial properties in microorganism conditions;
• quickly manifested therapeutic and preventive effect;
• low degree of toxicity for animals.

Antibacterial drugs are indispensable as prophylactic agents after surgical operations in animals. Prevents the development of pathogenic microbes and infection of cavities. For example, veterinarians must prescribe antibiotics to cats after castration or sterilization, since the risk of developing peritonitis cannot be excluded.

Healthy ginger cat

Side effects

Like any other pharmacological agents, antibiotics, although they have a low degree of toxicity for animals, side effects cannot be ruled out.

In addition, with long-term antibacterial therapy, the natural intestinal microflora dies, which will invariably lead to disturbances in digestive processes and reduced absorption of beneficial nutrients. Therefore, furry purrs will definitely be prescribed enzyme medications to normalize the intestinal flora.

Cat and medicine

Bacteria, viruses, and pathogens of viral infections are able to quickly adapt to a certain type of antibacterial drugs. Therefore, the treating veterinarian must know what medications were prescribed to the animals in order to select the means for effective treatment.

Do not forget that antibiotics can provoke allergic reactions in case of individual intolerance to one or another active component included in the medicine. Allergies in cats can also occur after completing a course of antibiotic therapy, especially if the dosage of medications has been exceeded.

During treatment, owners should closely monitor the well-being, health, and behavior of their pets, and, if the general physiological condition worsens, immediately contact the treating veterinarian. Ideally, the first administration of injectable antibiotics should take place in a veterinary clinic, under the supervision of a veterinarian, since the development of anaphylactic shock in cats cannot be ruled out.

Ginger cat

Cat and medicine

Side effects of antibiotics when treating cats:

• severe itching, rashes, allergies;
• depressed state;
• decreased response to external stimuli;
• apathy, lethargy, drowsiness;
• decreased, worsening appetite;
• nausea, vomiting;
• impaired coordination of movements;
• deterioration of the coat condition.

Contraindications and side effects are always described in the instructions for pharmacological drugs, so before giving your beloved pet medicine, be sure to read the instructions.

It should be noted that in the case of incorrectly selected therapeutic therapy, antibiotics can provoke, “launch” an infection dormant in the body, aggravate the course of chronic pathologies and ailments. Therefore, before prescribing antibiotics to treat cats, veterinarians must conduct a comprehensive examination of the animals and select the dosage of the prescribed medications.

Sick cat

To minimize the risk of side effects, you should not self-medicate your pets. Be sure to consult a veterinarian and follow all prescribed recommendations.

Drug interactions

Drug interactions are described in the instructions for use of the drug. Kaolin (found in most over-the-counter antidiarrheals) when used concomitantly with lincomycin reduces the absorption of the latter in animals by approximately 90%. If it is necessary to use both drugs, they should be given 2 hours apart. Since lincomycin can cause severe diarrhea in some animal species, it is necessary to prescribe antidiarrheal drugs to prevent the development of life-threatening intoxication. Unlike lincomycin, the absorption of clindamycin is not significantly affected by kaolin.

Lincomycin in animals and birds has the property of blocking neuromuscular transmission, therefore, together with muscle relaxants, it should be prescribed very carefully.

Effect on laboratory parameters: a slight change in the performance of a test that determines the functional state of the liver (increased ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase) may be observed, but this does not have significant clinical significance.

Diagnostics

During the examination, the doctor visually assesses the signs of otitis in the dog: the condition of the ears, nasopharynx, mouth and eyes. At the same time, asking questions about feeding, vaccinations and existing pathologies.

Be sure to have scrapings, ear discharge and blood tested. Laboratory tests will show the number of bacteria and parasites and determine their adaptability to medications. They will also determine your general condition and the possibility of allergies.

In some cases, radiography is used. This happens if the research is not informative enough. It shows the presence or absence of tumors and polyps in the nasopharynx. It is also possible to conduct a CT or MRI to exclude the possibility of brain inflammation. Some manipulations can be performed under general anesthesia.

Therapy is prescribed only based on test results. A specialist should tell you how to cure otitis media in a dog. Otherwise, the treatment will not bring results and will worsen the situation.

Doses of lincomycin in veterinary medicine

Doses for dogs:

For infections caused by sensitive microflora:

1. dose 22-33 mg/kg per os every 12 hours;
2. lincomycin is prescribed to dogs in doses of
   15 mg/kg per os every 8 hours; 10 mg/kg IV or IM every 12 hours;
3. dosed at 15-25 mg/kg per os every 12 hours;
4. for mastitis: 15 mg/kg per os 3 times a day for 21 days;
5. For staphylococcal infections of dogs: the dose of lincomycin is 10-15 mg/kg per os 3 times a day.

Doses of lincomycin for cats:

1. For infections caused by sensitive microflora:
2. doses for cats: 22-33 mg/kg per os every 12 hours
3. There are reports in feline veterinary medicine of doses of 15 mg/kg per os every 8 hours; 10 mg/kg IV or IM every 12 hours
4. give the drug in doses of 15-25 mg/kg per os every 12 hours
5. for cat mastitis: 15 mg/kg per os 3 times a day for 21 days.
6. For staphylococcal infections: dose 10-15 mg/kg per os 3 times a day

Actinomycosis

This is a dangerous fungal disease caused by one of the types of radiant fungi. It is considered conditionally pathogenic, since it can be present in the body of a healthy cat without causing any consequences. When the animal’s immunity is low, it becomes activated and the cat gets sick.

Sites of infection include:

• mucous membranes of the nasopharynx;
• gastrointestinal tract.

In the case of acute or chronic inflammatory process, the fungus begins to become active. The gateway to infection can be oral trauma or surgery. The addition of a secondary staphylococcal infection aggravates the course of the disease. In such cases, lincomycin injections are prescribed for cats and dogs.

Symptoms

In the initial period, it is quite difficult to notice signs of the disease. Most commonly affected areas :

Much less frequently, the focus of the disease can occur in the cat’s genitourinary system. The most favorable prognosis is likely when actinomycosis is localized in the maxillo-cervical area. The disease can be noticed when the cat has difficulty eating. The mobility of the jaws and chewing muscles is impaired. Body temperature rises, but not high.

The cat's condition is much more severe if fungal colonies are located in the abdominal or chest cavity:

• heat;
• apathy;
• cough - first dry and then wet;
• general weakness.

Penetrating through damaged tissue, the fungus forms colonies. In the affected areas, a dense infiltrate occurs, the skin becomes inflamed and becomes purple in color. Subsequently, it bursts, long-term non-healing wounds and fistulas with purulent contents and a huge amount of fungal spores are formed. Very often, due to the addition of a secondary infection, it is necessary to treat the cat with lincomycin, and the fistulas must be opened and drained. The disease is deadly for pets and requires immediate treatment.

Learn about essential antimicrobials in animals

• Trichopolum in veterinary medicine
• Instructions for the use of the antibiotic Baytril in animals
• Metronide in veterinary medicine. Instructions for use, doses, indications and contraindications
• Use of ceftriaxone for animals
• Explore the breadth of Metrogyl's antibacterial effect in animals
• Instructions for the use of doxycycline in animals. Study the breadth of doxycycline's antibacterial effects in animals. Calculate the optimal dose of the drug for different types. Improve therapy effectiveness by 140%
• Metronidazole (Metronidazole) for animals (instructions for use in veterinary medicine, doses, indications and contraindications)
• Atovaquone (ATOVAQUONE)
• Azithromycin for veterinary use

Owner Information: Owners should contact a veterinarian immediately if signs of severe, prolonged or bloody diarrhea occur.

Release form and preparations of lincomycin

Veterinary drugs:

1. Lincomycin in tablets for oral use: 100 mg, 200 mg, 500 mg;
2. Lincocin. Approved for use in dogs and cats.
3. Lincomycin, oral solution, 50 mg/ml in 20 ml drip bottles; Lincocin® Aquadiops (Upjohn); (Rx). Approved for use in dogs and cats. Lincocin, sterile solution for injection, 100 mg/ml in 20 ml vials;
4. Lincocin* (Upjohn); (Rx). Approved for use in dogs and cats. Lincomycin, sterile solution for injection, 25 mg/ml in 100 ml vials, 50 mg/ml in 50 ml vials and 100 mg/ml in 50 ml vials;
5. Veterinary Lincocin® (Upjohn); (OTS). Approved for use in pigs. Slaughter is permitted 48 hours after discontinuation of the drug. Lincomycin in 40 g packages (16 g of lincomycin) with the addition of 64 gallons of drinking water;
6. Lincocin® Soluble Powder (Upjohn); (OTS). Approved for use in pigs. Slaughter is permitted 6 days after discontinuation of the drug.
7. Combinations of lincomycin with feed/water are also available for use in pigs and poultry.